诋毁中国古代成就的该停了!

古代的手工业相当于现代的工业。中国的古代手工业是最发达的，这一般来说没有什么争论。例如丝绸、陶器等。制陶工业在古代的地位比今天的汽车工业都高得多，中国虽然不是最先发明了陶器，但制作水平在很长时期内是世界领先水平。

四大发明中，西方认可三样，活字印刷术他们认为是德国人发明的。

国人现在比较缺乏客观。如果黑火药(中国人后来多将其用在鞭炮)不算火药，那纸莎草纸能够当纸么?

历史是一种过去的事实，故意抬高不可取，但刻意贬低也不应该。先东子等各位朋友，认清事实破除阿Q精神，不是靠盲目的自我贬低可以达到的。

中国的手工业在很长的时期内都领先于世界，这是事实。只是中国的技术多是一种感性的认识(即依靠生活的积累)而缺乏西方科学那样的微观的分析(例如化学和物理学)。

其他我暂时不讲，谁有兴趣可以提出来讨论，我就先讲造纸术。

老是有人讲什么埃及人发明了纸，这是歪曲。纸莎草纸并不是真正的纸。这是用生长于尼罗河两岸的纸莎草的外壳纤维编织而成(类似于竹简，不过轻便许多)，西方史学界从来都不把纸莎草纸当作真正的纸，所以在中国纸制作方法传入欧洲之前，许多书本都是抄在羊皮纸(叫纸但也不是纸)上。

请看看西方人如何说造纸术的。

History Of Paper

Mankind has always sought to improve ways of communicating and recording thoughts. Early attempts at achieving this involved the use of waxed boards， leaves， bronze， silk， and clay tablets. It wasn’t until the invention of paper that information could be recorded and passed on cheaply and in greater quantity.

4，000 B.C. - Ancient Egyptians invented the first substance like paper as we know it. Papyrus was a woven mat of reeds， pounded together into a hard， thin sheet. (这就是纸莎草纸不是真正的纸的原因)The word "paper" actually comes from the word "papyrus". Later on in history， the Ancient Greeks used a kind of parchment made from animal skins for the same purpose.

A.D. 105 - Paper as we know it was invented by Ts’ai Lun， a Chinese court official. It is believed that Ts’ai mixed mulberry bark， hemp， and rags with water， mashed it into a pulp， pressed out the liquid and hung the thin mat to dry in the sun. Paper was born and this humble mixture would set off one of mankind’s greatest communication revolutions. Literature and the arts flourished in China.(西方人都承认造纸术的出现促进了中国文化的发展)

A.D. 610 - Bhuddist monks gradually spread the art to Japan. Papermaking became an essential part of Japanese culture and was used for writing material， fans， garments， dolls， and as an important component of houses. The Japanese were also the first to use the technique of block printing.

A.D. 751 - Samarkland. Chinese and Arab armies clash after decades of peaceful trading. The chinese are defeated and many are taken prisoner. Among the prisoners are paper makers who attempt bargain for their freedom by teaching the Arabs the secrets of paper making.

A.D. 1009 - It took about 400 years for paper to traverse the Arab world to Europe. The first paper mill in Europe was built by the Arabs in Xativa， Spain. Paper making continued here under Moorish rule until 1244 when European armies drove them out. Paper making then began to gradually spread across Christian Europe.

A.D. 1250 - Italy becomes a major paper producer. The Italians vigorously produced the material and exported large amounts of it， dominating the European market for many years.

A.D. 1338 - 1470 - French monks begin producing paper for holy texts. France quickly adopts this new technology and becomes a self-sufficient and competitive paper producer.

A.D. 1411 - The first paper mill in Germany is converted from a flour mill with assistance from the Italians. Germany greatly improved the craft and made the finest papers available. In 1453 Johann Gutenberg invented the movable type printing press. The printing press was the next stage in the communication revolution. Previously， books were owned only by monasteries， royalty， and scholars， very few people could even read. For the first time， the impoverished masses had access to books， and more importantly knowledge. With the availability of books， literacy increased. As literacy increased， the demand for books - and paper increased as well.　　(这里很清楚地说明，造纸术是文化交流的革命。在此以前，只有僧侣、皇室人员及学者等少数人才能拥有书籍。纸的出现使穷苦大众也能拥有书本和知识，这就促进了文化的发展。)

A.D. 1588 - England begins to make its own paper.

A.D. 1680 - The first paper mill in the new world is established by the Spanish in Culhuacan， near the capital of Mexico.

A.D. 1690 - A German immigrant to North America named William Rittenhouse founded the first paper mill in North America near Philadelphia. This is also where the first American paper makers were trained.

A.D. 1719 - Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur suggests that paper could be made from wood in response to a critical shortage of paper making materials. At the time all paper was made from old clothes and rags. There were not enough rags to supply the ever increasing demand for paper. Reaumur was inspired by observing wasps building their nest.

A.D. 1798 - Nicholas Robert invented the paper making machine. His hand-cranked device made paper on a continuous revolving screen. However he was unsuccessful at finding investors. Hearing of Robert’s invention from a mutual acquaintance， the Fourdrinier brothers of England create their own paper making machine. Although they did not use their invention， paper making machines bear their name to this day.

A.D. 1850 - Friedrich Gottlob Keller of Germany devises a method of making paper from wood pulp. However the paper is of poor quality.

A.D. 1852 - Hugh Burgess， an Englishman， perfects the use of wood pulp by ‘digesting’ the wood with chemicals.

A.D. 1867 - C.B. Tilghman， an American chemist， improved the process of making paper from wood by using sulfites during the pulping process.

A.D. 1879 - C.F. Dahl， a Swede finally perfected the use of wood by adding yet another chemical. His ‘sulfate’ method spread rapidly and reached the United States in about 1907.

A.D. 1883 - Charles Stillwell invented a machine to make brown paper bags for groceries in Philadelphia. Today more than 20 million paper bags are used annually in supermarkets. Many of these are recycled into new bags and boxes.

A.D. 1889 - 1900 - Economical， mass produced paper became a reality. Paper production doubled to about 2.5 million tons per year. Newspapers， books， and magazines flourished. Paper found its way into schools， replacing the writing slate.

当然我们可以看到，后来西方的造纸技术又超过了中国。但这并不是说纸不是中国人对世界的贡献。